Conversations Aren't Enough, Teaching Tolerance, Spring 2017, available here.

Clearly from the founding of this country and from the founding of public education in this country, both of them were built on a racial caste system that put black citizens on the bottom. And so when we look at data, we know there’s never been a single point in the history of this country where black students in black schools have received the same educational opportunities. … That’s why integration is so critical because that has been the only way that we have been able to ensure equal educational opportunities.